|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 18, 2016 19:04:46 GMT
Aimsir Chaite (Past Tense)
• Add a ‘h’ to the start of the verb unless it begins with L, N, R or Sc.
• Add a d’ before the verb if it starts with a vowel.
• Add a d’ AND a ‘h’ in the verb if it begins with an ‘f’.
• Use the word ‘Ar’ and a ‘h’ to form questions.
• Make sure to drop the d’ in question form.
• To write in negative use Níor and a ‘h’.
• Form a negative question by using ‘nár’ instead of ‘ar’.
For the "we" form of the verb, you add "eamar" if it's slender or "amar" if it's broad and it's a one syllable verb. However, for a two syllable verb, you add "íomar" if it's slender or "aíomar" if it's broad.
Examples
Fan (To stay)
D'fhan mé
D'fhan tú
D'fhan sé / sí
D'fhanamar
D'fhan sibh
D'fhan siad
Ceannaigh - To buy
Cheannaigh mé
Cheannaigh tú
Cheannaigh sé / sí
Cheannaíomar
Cheannaigh sibh
Cheannaigh siad
I meant to also say before this:
If it's a two syllable verb, you drop the ending. Endings could include
- igh (e.g. Mínigh)
- aigh (e.g. Ceannaigh)
- i (e.g. Inis)
You do this in other tenses, not the Aimsir Chaite (except for the "we" form).
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 18, 2016 19:17:44 GMT
Aimsir Láithreach (Present Tense)
• To form a question, you use “An” and add an úrú instead of “Ar”.
• To form a negative question, you use “Nach”.
• To form the negative sentence, you use “Ní” and add a ‘h’.
• Form the present tense by using the endings below.
An Chéad Réimniú (The first declension)
Caol (Slender)
Mé - im
Tú - eann
Sé / sí - eann
Muid / sinn - imid
Sibh - eann
Siad - eann
Leathan (Broad)
Mé - aim
Tú - ann
Sé / sí - ann
Muid / sinn - aimid
Sibh - ann
Siad - ann
An Dara Réimniú (The second declension)
Caol (Slender)
Mé - ím
Tú - íonn
Sé / sí - íonn
Muid / sinn - ímid
Sibh - íonn
Siad - íonn
Leathan (Broad)
Mé - aím
Tú - aíonn
Sé / sí - aíonn
Muid / sinn - aímid
Sibh - aímid
Siad - aímid
Examples
Múin - To teach
Múinim
Múineann tú
Múineann sé / sí
Múinimid
Múineann sibh
Múineann siad
Éirigh - To rise / get up
Éirím
Éiríonn tú
Éiríonn sé / sí
Éirímid
Éiríonn sibh
Éiríonn siad
Notice you do not put in the pronouns "mé" agus "muid / sinn" in this tense.
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 18, 2016 19:23:24 GMT
Remember that to tell if a verb is caol nó leathan depends on the last vowel in the verb.
Múin is a caol (slender) verb because "i" is the last vowel.
If a verb is caol, the last vowel is either "e" or "i".
If a verb is leathan, the last vowel is either "a", "o" "u".
You need to know these basic rules just to conjugate verbs.
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 18, 2016 19:25:11 GMT
Aimsir Fháistineach (Future Tense)
• To form a question, you use the word “An” and add an úrú.
• To form a negative question, you use the word “Nach”.
• To form the negative sentence, you use “Ní” and add a ‘h’.
• Form the future tense by using the endings below.
An Chéad Réimniú
Caol
Mé - fidh
Tú - fidh
Sé / sí - fidh
Muid / sinn - fimid
Sibh - fidh
Siad - fidh
Leathan
Mé - faidh
Tú - faidh
Sé / sí - faidh
Muid / sinn - faimid
Sibh - faidh
Siad - faidh
An Dara Réimniú
Caol
Mé - eoidh
Tú - eoidh
Sé / sí - eoidh
Muid / sinn - eoimid
Sibh - eoidh
Siad - eoidh
Leathan
Mé - óidh
Tú - óidh
Sé / sí - óidh
Muid / sinn - óimid
Sibh - óidh
Siad - óidh
Examples
Fág - To leave
Fágfaidh mé
Fágfaidh tú
Fágfaidh sé / sí
Fágfaimid
Fágfaidh sibh
Fágfaidh siad
Inis - To tell
Inseoidh mé
Inseoidh tú
Inseoidh sé / sí
Inseoimid
Inseoidh sibh
Inseoidh siad
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 18, 2016 21:13:32 GMT
Modh Coinníollach (Conditional Mood)
• To form a question, you use the word “An” and add an úrú.
• To form a negative question, you use the word “Nach”.
• To form the negative sentence, you use “Ní” and add a ‘h’.
• Like the past tense, you add a ‘h’ after the consonant at the beginning of the verb.
• If the verb begins with a vowel, you add a d’ instead.
• If the verb begins with an ‘f’, you add a ‘h’ and a d’.
• Do not say the pronouns “mé”, “tú”, “muid” or “siad” in this tense.
• Form the conditional mood by using the endings below:
An Chéad Réimniú
Caol
Mé - finn
Tú - feá
Sé / sí - feadh
Muid / sinn - fimis
Sibh - feadh
Siad - fidís
Leathan
Mé - fainn
Tú - fá
Sé / sí - fadh
Muid / sinn - faimis
Sibh - fadh
Siad - faidís
An Dara Réimniú
Caol
Mé - eoinn
Tú - eofá
Sé / sí - eodh
Muid / sinn - eoimis
Sibh - eodh
Siad - eoidís
Leathan
Mé - óinn
Tú - ófá
Sé / sí - ódh
Muid / sinn - óimis
Sibh - ódh
Siad - óidís
Examples
Ól - To drink
D'ólfainn
D'ólfá
D'ólfadh sé / sí
D'ólfaimis
D'olfadh sibh
D'olfaidís
Imir - To play
D'imreoinn
D'imreofá
D'imreodh sé / sí
D'imreoimis
D'imreodh sibh
D'imreoidís
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 18, 2016 21:14:19 GMT
"Go" in Irish cannot be translated literally but it frequently translates as either "That" or "To". For example,
Ó áit go háit - From place TO place
Tá súil agam go bhfuil tú i mbarr na sláinte - I hope THAT you are in the best of health
When putting two verbs like the one above in a sentence in Irish, you have to say "Go" (That) even though you can say the sentence without "That" in English. You just have to I'm afraid, there's no way out of it.
This article, "Go" varies by tense also.
Aimsir Chaite: "Gur" + 'h' (e.g. gur bhagair - That threatened)
Aimsir Láithreach: "Go" + úrú (e.g. go gcríochnaíonn - That finishes)
Aimsir Fháistineach: "Go" + úrú (e.g. go bhfágfaidh - That will leave)
Modh Coinníollach: "Go" + úrú (e.g. go bhféadfadh - That could)
Also, if it's a negative, you do not use "Gur" nó "Go", you use "Nár" (Aimsir Chaite) nó "Nach" (every other tense).
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 18, 2016 21:15:51 GMT
For emotions, in Irish, you say the feeling is "on" you. For example,
Tá bron orm - I am sad but literally means "Sadness is on me".
Tá sceithimíní orm - I am excited but literally means "Excitement is on me".
This goes for all emotions and feelings.
So the formation for this kind of sentence is,
Bí + mothúcháin + ar (orm, ort, air, uirthi etc)
Here's the different prepositional pronouns for phrases like this:
Orm - On me
Ort - On you
Air - On him
Uirthi - On her
Orainn - On us
Oraibh - On you (plural)
Orthu - On them
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 18, 2016 21:17:03 GMT
There is no verb for the English verb, "To have" in Irish. However, we use a special idiomatic expression in Irish that you take as it means "To have". If you want to say the verb "To have" in Irish, then you say the object is "at you". For example,
Tá leabhar agam - I have a book but literally means a book is at me
Tá cara nua agam - I have a new friend but literally means a new friend is at me.
Again you can change the tense of Bí to change the tense of "To have".
Bhí oíche mhaith agam - I had a good night but literally means a good night was at me.
Beidh an-craic agat - You will have great crack but literally means very crack will be at you.
Sometimes on rare occasions though, you use "Ar" instead of "Ag" in the Aimsir Chaite - though most of the time you will use "Ag" so I wouldn't worry about this.
Here's the prepositional pronouns for phrases like this:
Agam - At me
Agat - At you
Aige - At him
Aici - At her
Againn - At us
Agaibh - At you (plural)
Acu - At them
Here's a more complicated sentence using this and the grammar of "Go" which you already learnt here.
Cheap mé go mbeinn oíche mhaith agam - I thought that I would have a good night
Also there is no verbal noun for "To have" in Irish. Verbal nouns are words like singing, doing, playing etc. Since there is no verbal noun, we take the tense as the verbal noun. So for example,
Bhí oíche mhaith againn - We had a good night; but it could also mean "We were having a good night"
Tá oíche mhaith agat - You have a good night; but it could also mean "You are having a good night"
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 18, 2016 21:17:24 GMT
The verb for "To listen" in Irish is Éist le. And even though in English you say "I listen TO", in Irish you say "I listen WITH". For example,
D'éist mé leis an raidió ar maidin - I listened to the radio this morning
Éistim le mo cheol gach lá - I listen to my music everyday
Remember also that whenever you use "le" (With) in contexts like these unless there's possession like "my" or "your", you use "leis".
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 18, 2016 21:18:35 GMT
An Aidiacht Shealbhach (The Possessive Adjective)
Consain (nouns beginning with consonants)
Mo (+h) - My
Do (+h) - Your
A (+h) - His
A - Her
Ár (+ úrú) - Our
Bhur (+ úrú) - Your (plural)
A (+ úrú) - Their
Mo leabhar - My book (do not add a 'h' with L, N, R, Sc)
Mo pheann - My pen
Ár bpinn luaidhe - Our pencils
Gúta (nouns starting with vowels)
Mo (M')
Do (D')
A - stays the same (his)
A (+h) - her
Ár (+n-)
Bhur (+n-)
A (+n-) - Their
M'athair - My father
D'airgead - Your money
Bhur n-iníonacha - Your daughters
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 18, 2016 21:22:03 GMT
Aimsir Chaite: Saorbhriathar (Past tense: Free verb)
The saorbhriathar is used when an action has been done but you don't know or state who did it.
Tugadh soláistí saor dom - I was given free refreshments (see how you don't say who gave you them?)
These are the endings the saorbhriathar takes in the Aimsir Chaite:
An Chéad Réimniú
Caol - eadh
Leathan - adh
An Dara Réimniú
Caol - íodh
Leathan - aíodh
Itheadh an cáca a d'fhág mo mháthair ar an mbord - The cake that my mother left on the table was eaten
However, even though it's the Aimsir Chaite, the +h or d' rules do not apply with the saorbhriathar.
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 18, 2016 21:22:33 GMT
When saying you're telling a story to someone you use the verb "Inis" - To tell. However, in most other cases, you use the irregular verb, "Abair" - To say even if in English you're saying "Tell" or "Told" or "Will tell" etc. For example,
Ná habair aon bréaga - Never tell no lies (notice Abair?)
D'inis mé an scéal do mo thuismitheoirí - I told the story to my parents (notice Inis?)
Dúirt mé an príomhoide faoin thimpiste - I told the principal about the accident (notice Abair?)
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 18, 2016 21:23:19 GMT
When saying "Was", in the Aimsir Chaite, you use the verb "Bhí". It is an irregular verb and unfortunately has to be learnt off by heart.
Bhí mé - I was
Bhí tú - You were
Bhí sé / sí - He / she was
Bhíomar / Bhí muid - We were
Bhí sibh - You were
Bhí siad - They were
However, you use a whole different word to say the negative, question form and "that was". In these cases, you use "Raibh" instead.
Ní raibh mé - I wasn't
Ní raibh tú - You weren't
Ní raibh sé / sí - He / she wasn't
Ní raibh muid - We weren't
Ní raibh sibh - You weren't
Ní raibh siad - They weren't
Cheap mé go raibh mé - I thought that I was - Notice
An raibh tú anseo? - Were you here? - Notice
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:24:29 GMT
There are two verbs for "To think" in Irish, Ceap and Smaoinigh. However, there's a difference between them and because of this, you cannot use whichever one you want in a situation using the verb "To think" in Irish.
Ceap is more of a "vague" type of "think". A good example is
Cheap mé go raibh tú sa teach - I thought that you were in the house
However, Smaoinigh is more of "to think of something".
Smaoinigh mé ar chleas - I thought of an idea
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:25:29 GMT
Aimsir Chaite Diúltach (Past Tense Negative)
Remember that to make a negative regular verb in the past tense, you simply add "Níor" and a "h" to the verb.
Níor chaill mé - I didn't lose
Níor líon mé - I didn't fill
However, irregular verbs are different. 5 of the irregular verbs in the Aimsir Chaite have rules like the regular verbs whilst the other 6 have to be learnt off by heart. These 6 are the following
Abair - Ní dúirt (it is irregular, because it is not "Níor" nó "h")
Bí - Ní raibh
Feic - Ní fhaca
Faigh - Ní bhfuair
Déan - Ní dhearna
Téigh - Ní dheachaigh
You just have to know these I'm afraid! See the other irregular verbs have regular negative forms.
Clois - Níor chuala
Tar - Níor tháinig
Ith - Níor ith
Tabhair - Níor thug
Beir - Níor rug
You also use these negative forms (the 6 irregular ones) when you say "Go".
For example,
You do not say, go bhí - X
But you say, go raibh - ✓
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:26:22 GMT
In Irish, if you want to say "had to" something, you say "Bhí ar" + "verbal noun form".
So
Bhí orm dul - I had to go
Bhí orm imeacht - I had to leave
You can also use
B'éigean do
B'éigean dom dul - I had to go / chase
If you want to say "have to" (present tense) or "must" in Irish, then you say
Caithfidh + pronoun + verbal noun form
Caithfidh mé a rá - I must say
Caithfidh mé a dhéanamh - I must do
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:26:48 GMT
Though there isn't an official name I know of for this, let's call it the Perfect Infinitive (which I saw somewhere that named this thing that). The Perfect Infinitive in English is when you say "To be ______" (something) like To be done, To be seen etc.
In Irish, you form this by
Le + verbal noun form of verb
Le dul - To be going
Le feiceáil - To be seen
Le déanamh - To be done
Full sentence example: Tá an téama seo go soiléir le feiceáil sa dán seo - This time is clearly to be seen in this poem
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:27:23 GMT
"This"
An + object + seo
An leabhar seo - This book
An lá seo - This day
An teilifís seo - This TV
"These"
Na + object + seo
Na leabhair seo - These books
Na fadhbanna seo - These problems
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:29:08 GMT
"That" + object
An + object + sin
An lá sin - That day
An cluiche sin - That game
"That" + verb
Go + verb conjugated (gur in the Aimsir Chaite) (make sure you add a séimhiú in the Aimsir Chaite and add an eclipsis to every other tense)
Gur tharraing mé - That I pulled
Go bhfeicfidh mé - That I will see
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:30:04 GMT
The difference between Tar éis and in dhiadh / ina dhiaidh.
Tar éis is normally seen at the beginning of a sentence that uses "after". It is also used in the clock to represent "past".
Tá sé ceathrú tar éis a deich - It is quarter past ten
Tar éis sin, thosaigh mé ag éisteacht le mo iPod - After that, I started listening to my iPod
However, ina dhiaidh is used in cases were you say "after" at the end of a sentence.
Shroich mé ina dhiaidh tamaill - I arrived after a while
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:30:32 GMT
There are two different To be's in Irish in the present tense (not counting "Is" - The Copula), "Tá" agus "Bíonn".
Bíonn is the continuous present tense so like:
Bíonn ranganna againn gach maidin - We have classes every morning
Bíonn scoil agam gach Luain - I have school every Monday
However, Tá is used in most other situations.
Táim ar scoil - I am at school
Tá sé te - It is hot
Never use "Tá" with gach something that relates to time. For example, you use it in these situations
Tá gach leathanach marcáilte - Every page is marked
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:31:40 GMT
And correction on saying the verbal noun for To have.
Tá oíche mhaith agat - You have a good night (but it CANNOT also mean "You are having a good night")
Instead, you change Tá to Bíonn (because it's continuous and you learnt the difference between Tá and Bíonn above ^).
Bíonn oíche mhaith agat - You are having a good night
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:32:01 GMT
Aimsir Láithreach: Saorbhriathar (Present tense: Free verb)
The saorbhriathar is used when an action is being done but you don't know or state who did it.
Deirtear linn faoin ábhar in Alt 2 - We are told about the subject in paragraph 2
These are the endings the saorbhriathar takes in the Aimsir Láithreach:
An Chéad Réimniú
Caol - tear
Leathan - tar
An Dara Réimniú
Caol - ítear
Leathan - aítear
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:33:48 GMT
There are two MAIN ways of saying "To want" in Irish.
You say either,
Teastaigh + ó
Bí + ag iarraidh
Theastaigh uaim dul go dtí an siopa - I wanted to go to the shop
Ní raibh mé ag iarraidh a deireadh é - I didn't want it to end
There is no difference really between them of when to use them. It is better off learning phrases like these though ^ because at least then, you don't have a chance of using the wrong To want.
If you use the Teastaigh + ó one here's the prepositional pronouns you choose from
Uaim (Also means "Alliteration")
Uait
Uaidh
Uaithi
Uainn
Uaibh
Uathu
When conjugation for the Aimsir Láithreach, do not get confused with saying "Teastaím uaim" - That's incorrect! It's actually Teastaíonn uaim (so you only have to do one conjugation for this verb in the tense when saying "To want").
Teastaíonn uaim - I want
Teastaíonn uainn - We want
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:34:58 GMT
There are two different forms of "If" in Irish, Má agus Dá. There is a simple rule of when to use either.
Má is followed by any verb that is in the Aimsir Chaite, Láithreach agus Fháistineach.
However,
Dá is followed by any verb that is in the Modh Coinníollach.
Má tiocfaidh sé go ndeanfaidh mé an rud ansin - If he will come, I will do the thing then
Dá thiocfá go mbeinn áthas orm ansin - If you would come, then I would be happy
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:36:14 GMT
"But"
Ach
Chuaigh mé go dtí an siopa inné ach níor cheannaigh mé aon rud - I went to the shop yesterday but I didn't buy anything
"Only"
Ní + verb + ach
Ní raibh mé sásta ach inné - I was only satisfied yesterday
Níor cheannaigh mé ach mar dúirt tú dom - I only went because you told me to
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:36:44 GMT
Remember your synthetic pronouns!
When the pronoun (subject pronoun - if you want me to be more specific) is conjoined into the verb and appears as one word, this is called a synthetic form.
Aimsir Chaite: Ní "muid"
Aimsir Láithreach: Ní "mé" agus "muid" (Although it is sometimes okay to say the verb with mé after it, for example, Tá mé (which can be also Táim)
Aimsir Fháistineach: Ní "muid"
Modh Coinníollach: Ní "mé", "tú", "muid" agus "siad"
Examples
Ithim - I eat
Cheannaíomar - We bought
Déanfaimid - We will make
Thiocfainn - I would come
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:37:16 GMT
A common mistake that I have seen in many litreacha is the fact that students tend to say "Dom" instead of "Chugam". Here is a big difference as an example between the two:
Scríobh tú dom - You wrote FOR me
Scríobh tú chugam - You wrote TO me
^ Though Dom also means "To me", in this case, it doesn't and you MUST use Chugam instead.
Scríobh litir chugam go luath - Write TO me soon
^ Another example
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:38:02 GMT
With the help of prepositions, Cuir can have many different verb meanings. In this case, I will discuss three different verbs it can translate as. Firstly, without a preposition, it is the verb To put:
Chuir mé mo chuid éadaí scoile orm - I put my school clothes on
With the preposition "ar" and the word "glao" / "glaoch" OR "fios", it becomes the verb To call (Glaoigh is also perfectly acceptable for To call instead of this if you like):
Chuir sé fios ar an otharcharr - He called the ambulance
Chuir mé glaoch ar mo chairde inné - I called my friends yesterday
Ghlaoigh mé ar mo chairde inné - I called my friends yesterday
^ See no difference between using Glaoigh or Cuir?
There is no verb for "To scare" in Irish but we use the phrase "To put fear on something / someone" to make the verb To scare. So for example,
Chuir mé eagla ar mo dheartháir inniu - I scared my brother today (literally "I put fear on my brother today")
|
|
|
|
Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:38:38 GMT
There are three translations for "Before" in Irish. These are Sula, Sular or Roimh - technically 2 translations since Sular is much like Sula.
Roimh is used before nouns.
Bhí eagla orm roimh an mbean sí - I was afraid of the banshee (notice the noun "an mbean"?)
Sula / Sular is used before verbs.
Bhí an turas eitleáin fada sular shroich mé ag Málaga - The plane journey was long before I arrived at Málaga (notice the verb "sroich")
The difference between Sula and Sular meanwhile is:
Sula is used before verbs in the Aimsir Láithreach, Aimsir Fháistineach agus Modh Coinníollach.
Sular is used before verbs in the Aimsir Chaite.
|
|
