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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:39:13 GMT
There are four different forms of "except" in Irish and the literal translations may give you an indication here of when to use each.
ach amháin (go) - "but alone(that)"
cé is moite de/go - "who is exception of/that"
diomaite de - "apart from"
seachas - "besides"
The most you'd probably use is "Seachas".
Thug mé mo leabhair na scoile abhaile seachas mo leabhar stair - I brought all my school books except History
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:40:14 GMT
To say the verb "To visit" in Irish, we say "give a visit on". So the verb is technically,
Tabhair + cuairt + ar
For example,
Thug mé cuairt ar pháirc uisce - I visited a waterpark
Tugaim cuairt ar Bhaile Átha Cliath gach lá - I visit Dublin every day
Tabharfaidh mé cuairt ort amárach - I will visit you tomorrow
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:40:47 GMT
I will start now telling you times when you use a "séimhiú" or "úrú".
You use a séimhiú after "go dtí an", of course the usual exceptions apply.
Chuaigh mé go dtí an chistin - I went to the kitchen
Rachaidh mé go dtí an siopa - I will go to the shop
You use an "úrú" after "go" (not "gur" in the Aimsir Chaite though which you use a 'h' (séimhiú).
Dúradh liom go gcuireadh mé ar shínteáin - I was told that I was put on a stretcher
Tá súil agam go bhfuil tú i mbarr na sláinte - I hope that you are in the best of health (bhfuil is its own word anyways but if it were used in other situations than after "go", "a" or "an", it would be just "fuil" - so it is considered an úrú ("bh" is the úrú for 'f').
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:41:24 GMT
When forming questions and saying "what _____ (a noun)", you do not use Cad nó céard. Instead you use Cén (literally "Which"). When saying "what and a noun together" in Irish, you always use Cén.
Cén comhairle? - What advice?
Cén post? - What job?
Cén aimsir? - What weather?
Cén siopa? - What shop?
I think you get the point. I could go on forever with loads of examples.
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:41:44 GMT
When saying "never" in Irish, you use the negative form of the verb. You can't just say for example:
Thiocfaidís riamh - They would never come
The correct way of saying it is actually
Ní thiocfaidís riamh
It is a small silly mistake that loads of students make but remember that I am trying to help you keep your grammar as accurate as possible so you don't lose marks on inaccurate grammar on your exam.
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:42:21 GMT
A very silly and confusing mistake that I have seen also is the fact that some people use "Ag rince" instead of "Ag damhsa".
They both mean "dancing" but there's one difference.
Ag rince = IRISH dancing
Ag damhsa = Dancing (in general)
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:42:50 GMT
In English to emphasise words, we tend to raise our voice (e.g. HE isn't to blame). In Irish we do not do this. Instead we use special emphatic forms of the subject pronouns (mé, tú, sé, sí etc). These are the emphatic pronouns:
Mise - I
Tusa - You
Seisean - He
Síse - She
Muidne / Sinne - We
Sibhse - You (plural)
Siadsan - They
More examples
I WILL NOT GO - Ní rachaidh mise
They will never LEAVE ME ALONE AGAIN - Ní fhágfaidh siad riamh mise i m'aonar arís
MY NAME is - Is mise...
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:44:27 GMT
The days of the week appear in two forms in Irish with either the article "an" or the word "Dé" preceding them.
The article "an" is used when simply listing the days:
An Luan - Monday
An Mháirt - Tuesday
Inniu an Chéadaoin - Today is Wednesday
An Chéadaoin ina dhiaidh sin - The following Wednesday
The word "Dé" is used when referring to (on) a specific day of the week.
Dé Luain seo chugainn - Next Monday
Tráthnóna Dé Céadaoin - On Wednesday evening
Oíche Dé Máirt - On Tuesday night
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:46:36 GMT
To say "Last" in Irish as in time (months, days, years), you generally use "Seo caite":
An bhliain seo caite - Last year
An Lúnasa seo caite - Last August
Dé Máirt seo caite - Last Tuesday
An tseachtain seo caite - Last week
An exception is Last night which instead of "An oíche seo caite" (which is incorrect), you use the word "Aréir".
Tháinig mé abhaile aréir - I came home last night
When saying "Next" in Irish as in time, you generally use "Seo chugainn"
An bhliain seo chugainn - Next year
Tá mo Theastas Sóisearach agam an Mheitheamh seo chugainn - I have my Junior Cert next June
Dé Céadaoin seo chugainn - Next Wednesday
Rachaidh mé ann an tseachtain seo chugainn - I will go there next week
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:46:57 GMT
Though Irish does not have any infinitives, there is this form of the verb called the Imperative. This is used when you tell someone to do something. For example,
Dún an doras! - Shut the door!
Tóg an leabhar! - Pick up the book!
Éist leis an cheol! - Listen to the music
Taispeáin dom an pictiúr - Show me the picture
However, this is only for when you tell one person to do something. I will go over the imperative another day when you tell more than one person to do something.
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:48:16 GMT
When saying "you have hair", you do not say "Tá gruaig rua agam" etc. You instead use the preposition "ar".
Tá gruaig rua orm - I have red hair
Tá gruaig dhubh ort - You have black hair
Tá gruaig dhonn air - He has brown hair
Tá gruaig fhionn uirthi - She has blonde / fair hair
So you literally say, "the hair is on you".
Formation:
Tá + gruaig + gruaig dath + ar
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:48:56 GMT
Aimsir Fháistineach: Saorbhriathar (Future tense: Free verb)
The saorbhriathar is used when an action will be done but you don't know or state who will do it.
Goidfear na cácaí ón mbácús - The bakery's cakes will be stolen
These are the endings the saorbhriathar takes in the Aimsir Fháistineach:
An Chéad Réimniú
Caol - fear
Leathan - far
An Dara Réimniú
Caol - eofar
Leathan - ófar
Imreofar an cluiche - The game will be played
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:49:37 GMT
Whether it's a noun, adjective or verb, you never add a séimhiú onto the word if the preposition before it is:
- Le
- Ag
- As
- Chuig
However, you put in a séimhiú on the following word if it's preceded by the following prepositions:
- Ar
- De
- Do
- Faoi
- Ó
- Trí
- Thar
- Roimh
- Den
- Don
- Sa
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:50:25 GMT
You add an úrú on the word following a preposition if the preposition is:
- Ag an
- As an
- Chuig an
- Leis an
- Ar an
- Faoin
- Ón
- Tríd an
- Thar an
- Roimh an
- I
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:51:48 GMT
To say you work as something like "I am a teacher" or "you are a vet" etc, you DO NOT use "Tá nó Bíonn". Instead, you use "Is" - which is called The Copula. You also use these pronouns which some are slightly different than the normal ones you come across.
These are called Direct Object Pronouns.
Mé
Thú
É
Í
Muid / sinn
Sibh
Iad
Is fear gnó é - He is a business man
Is dalta bunscoile í - She is a primary school student
Is dochtúir é mo dheartháir - My brother is a doctor
Is múinteoir mé - I am a teacher
Is í an dalta is fearr - She is the best student
As can be seen on the last example, the Copula is also used in situations of using the Superlative Adjective (Best, Worst, Nicest etc).
Always put the pronoun before "an" if it appears in a sentence.
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:53:21 GMT
The Aimsir Ghnáthchaite (Habitual past tense) is a tense used for situations where you use the two modal verbs, "would" and "used to". Like the other tenses, the rules depend on the number of syllables in the verb as well as caol nó leathan.
For two syllable verbs, do not forget to take off the ending or "i" nó "ai" etc before putting on the ending for the tense.
An Chéad Réimniú
Caol
Mé - inn
Tú - teá
Sé / sí / muid / sibh - eadh
Siad - idís
Leathan
Mé - ainn
Tú - tá
Sé / sí / muid / sibh - adh
Siad - aidís
An Dara Réimniú
Caol
Mé - ínn
Tú - íteá
Sé / sí / muid / sibh - íodh
Siad - ídís
Leathan
Mé - aínn
Tú - aíteá
Sé / sí / muid / sibh - aíodh
Siad - aídís
You also add the 'h' and d' where possible - just like the Aimsir Chaite and Modh Coinníollach. However, the Ghnáthchaite differs from the Aimsir Chaite in terms of these rules because:
- You use "An" instead of "Ar" for questions.
- You use "Nach" instead of "Nár" for negative questions.
- You use "Ní" instead of "Níor" for negative sentences.
In this tense, you only use the pronouns, Sé / sí / muid / sibh.
D'imrínn - I would play / I used to play
D'insínn - I would tell / I used to tell
D'fhanainn - I would stay / I used to stay
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Post by Admin on Jun 19, 2016 10:54:44 GMT
When using the verb "Abair" in any tense, make sure you use the preposition "Le" and NOT "Do".
Dúradh liom - I was told
Deirtear linn - We are told
Dúirt tú liom - You said to me
And so on...
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Post by Admin on Sept 24, 2016 17:04:21 GMT
What is the difference between Tóg and Gabh?
Tóg = To take away / To take up something
Gabh = To take hold of something / To catch
Tóg an leabhar - Take the book
Gabh mo leithscéal - Excuse me
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Post by Admin on Sept 24, 2016 17:06:56 GMT
When saying "Of" with a possessive pronoun, this is what you do:
Noun + Possessive pronoun + Noun in genitive case
Love of my life - Grá mo shaoil
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Post by Admin on Apr 21, 2017 15:15:32 GMT
Have you ever wondered why some adjectives don't require "Go" in a sentence whilst others do like "Go hiontach"?
Well the adjectives when wrote with the verb "Bí (To be)" are seen as adverbs of the verb Bí. Like I said previously, adverbs are wrote as, Go + adjective/verb in Irish.
Tá an fear go maith - The man is good.
Tá an cailín go hálainn - The girl is beautiful.
Tá an lá go deas - The day is nice.
Tá an aimsir go dona - The weather is bad.
Tá an samhradh go haoibhinn - The summer is splendid.
Tá an rós go breá - The rose is pretty.
Tá sé go holc - It is evil.
Tá sí go hiontach - She is wonderful.
Here are lots of examples above to show you this.
However, it is not always like this. If there are additional adverbs like Rather (Sách) or Always (Riamh / i gcónaí), the additional adverbs take the place of the "Go" and "Go" is no longer in the sentence. Also, "Go" does not ever appear with the copula. See the following examples to show you:
Bíonn beoir maith i gcónaí - Beer is always good.
Bhíodh sí riamh álainn - She was always beautiful.
Tá an lá réasúnta deas. - The day is reasonably nice.
Bhí an aimsir sách dona inné - The weather was rather bad yesterday.
Tá an lá go deas - The day is nice.
Is deas é an lá - The day is nice.
^ Notice "Is", the copula not using "Go" on deas.
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Post by Admin on Apr 22, 2017 13:35:30 GMT
Personal pronouns you already basically know like Me, you. Now we'll be combining them with prepositions. Today I'm going to be talking about the preposition Faoi which is Under or About in English. These are the personal pronouns for Faoi
Fúm - Under me
Fút - Under you
Faoi - Under him
Fúithi - Under her
Fúinn - Under us
Fúibh - Under you's
Fúthu - Under them
These personal pronouns are used in conjunction with the verb "Bí" and a specific action. For example,
Tá siúl fúm - I walk fast
Tá fuadar fút - You're in a hurry
Bhí fuadar fút - You were in a hurry
Bhí siúl fúm - I walked fast
Beidh siúl fúinn - We will walk fast
Beidh fuadar fúibh - You's will be in a hurry
See how easy it is to form sentences like this once you know those pronouns?
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Post by Admin on Apr 23, 2017 10:18:40 GMT
Today, I'm going to be continuing on from Faoi but I'm going to be doing the possessive pronouns for Faoi now instead of the personal pronouns. If you don't know the difference between possessive and personal pronouns well here ya go:
Possessive pronouns: My, Your, His, Her, Our, Your's, Their
Personal pronouns: Me, You, He, She, We, You's, They
With that out of the way, here are the possessive pronouns for Faoi, when applied with a consonant following them.
Faoi mo (+ h)
Faoi do (+ h)
Faoina (+ h)
Faoina
Faoinár (+ úrú)
Faoi bhur (+ úrú)
Faoina (+ úrú)
As you can see, the normal possessive pronouns' (or possessive adjectives as they are known as) rules are applied with prepositions also like adding a "h" or úrú.
These are the possessive pronouns for Faoi, when applied with a vowel following them.
Faoi m'
Faoi d'
Faoina
Faoina (+ h)
Faoinár (+ n-)
Faoi bhur (+ n-)
Faoina (+ n-)
Again normal rules for possessive pronouns also apply here with prepositions.
The book is under my table - Tá an leabhar faoi mo bhord
I left the plate under his sink - D'fhág mé an pláta faoina dhoirteal
I left the plate under the sink - D'fhág mé an pláta faoina dhoirteal
Notice how "I left the plate under _____ sink" does not change even with the different word (from "his" to "the). This is because, Sink is a masculine word and therefore follows the rules of the "His" form of the preposition. If it were female, it would change slightly to fit the feminine rules. I'll go over masculine and feminine rules of nouns someday. They're definitely very tricky to learn thus why I'm not going over them in great detail just yet! I'm getting all the easy Irish grammar out of the way first.
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Post by Admin on Apr 24, 2017 15:01:01 GMT
When applied with numbers, the preposition Faoi becomes "Times". Thus, why you see on your exam papers in the Listening, Faoi dhó which means Two times or Twice. Faoi cannot be applied with Once or One time however and instead, that is Uair amháin.
Uair amháin
Faoi dhó
Faoi thrí
Faoi ceithre
Faoi cúig
Faoi sé
And so on
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Post by Admin on Apr 25, 2017 17:22:07 GMT
To say you have a desire in something, you use the preposition "Ag" and the verb "Bí" with this method of formation:
Bí + dúil + ag + i + object you have a desire in
Tá dúil agam in airgead - I have a desire in/for money, basically means, I want money
Remember that the preposition "i" becomes "in" when placed before a word that begins with a vowel.
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Post by Admin on Apr 26, 2017 16:09:22 GMT
When combining "for" with an amount of money or just stating how much something costs in general, you use the preposition Ar. For example,
Ar phunt - For a pound
Tá punt ar an t-ull - The apple costs a pound
As you can see, you literally say "The pound is on the apple" or "The currency is on the object".
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Post by Admin on Apr 27, 2017 9:27:24 GMT
To state probability in Irish (probably, likely etc), all you do is combine the verb "Bí" with the preposition Ar and have what is likely in between the two. For example,
Tá baisteach air - It will probably rain / It will likely rain
Tá cogadh air - There'll likely be a war
It's as simple as that!
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Post by Admin on Apr 28, 2017 8:27:46 GMT
An tAinm Briathartha means The Verbal Noun. Verbal nouns are words like jogging, running etc i.e. verbs ending in "ing". In this case, they become nouns rather than verbs thus why they're called verbal nouns. In Irish, verbal nouns are irregular and have to be learnt off by heart unfortunately. However, they are recognised by the preposition "Ag" and many of them are repetitive. Here are lots of verbal nouns for you:
Ag rince - dancing
Ag brú - pushing
Ag tarraingt - pulling
Ag déanamh - doing
Ag iarraidh - trying
Ag feabhsú - improving
Ag meath - declining/withering
Ag gortú - hurting/injuring
Ag éalú - escaping/fleeing
Ag troid - fighting
Ag traenáil - training
Ag cleachtadh - practising
Ag ullmhú - preparing
Ag buachan - winning
Ag cailleadh - losing
Ag casadh - turning
Ag léim - jumping
Ag tabhairt - giving
Ag éisteacht + le - listening to
Ag féachaint + ar - watching
Ag breathnú + ar - watching/observing
Ag smaoineamh ar - thinking about
Ag roghnú - choosing/selecting
Ag séideadh - blowing
Ag bailiú - collecting/gathering
Ag imeacht - leaving
Ag dul - going
Ag teacht - coming
Ag imirt - playing (sports, games)
Ag seinm - playing (musical instruments)
Ag casadh - playing (music/CDs/records/MP3, etc)
Ag béicíl - screaming/cheering
Ag gearán - complaining
Ag leanúint - continuing/following
Ag coimeád - keeping
Ag ionsaí - attacking
Ag cosaint - defending
Ag ligint - letting
Ag scaoileadh - releasing/shooting
Ag rith - running
Ag snámh - swimming
Ag rothaíocht - cycling
Ag caitheamh - throwing/wearing/spending/smoking
Ag breith - catching
Ag preabadh - bouncing
Ag greamú - grabbing/tackling/sticking
Ag bualadh - hitting/striking
Ag tógáil - taking/building
Ag dúnadh - closing
Ag oscailt - opening
Ag ithe - eating
Ag ól - drinking
Ag rá - saying
Ag insint - telling
Ag fáil - finding/getting
Ag líonadh - filling
Ag scríobh - writing
Ag léamh - reading
Ag glanadh - cleaning
Ag eagrú - organising
Ag díol - selling
Ag gearradh - cutting
Ag baint - taking off
Ag briseadh - breaking
Ag fágáil - leaving
Ag fanacht - staying/waiting
Ag ní - washing
Ag scuabadh - brushing
Ag cíoradh - combing
Ag dó - burning
Ag ceannach - buying
Ag tosú - starting
Ag críochnú - finishing
Ag dúiseacht - waking
Ag éirí - getting up/becoming
Ag deisiú - mending/fixing
Ag múineadh - teaching
Ag foghlaim - learning
Ag ceangal - tying
Ag mothú - feeling
Ag brath - depending
Ag glacadh - taking/accepting
Ag aontú - agreeing
Ag diúltú - refusing
Ag moladh - suggesting/praising
Ag cruthú - creating/proving
Ag guí + ar - praying/imploring
Ag gealladh - promising
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Post by Admin on Apr 29, 2017 9:09:23 GMT
This list is the prepositions that are combined with the article An (The) and which of the methods you use, séimhiú OR urú.
Ar an (+ urú)
Ag an (+ urú)
As an (+ urú)
Chuig an (+ urú)
Don (+ séimhiú)
Den (+ séimhiú)
Faoin (+ urú)
Sa (+ séimhiú)
Ionsar an (+ urú)
Leis an (+ urú)
Ón (+ urú)
Roimh an (+ urú)
Thar an (+ urú)
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Post by Admin on Apr 30, 2017 10:59:27 GMT
When to use the Genitive Case (An Tuiseal Ginideach)
• Nuair a bhíonn seilbh nó úinéiracht i gceist. (Possession or ownership)
Más le duine rud éigin:
leabhar + Seán => Leabhar Sheáin.
cóta + Máire => Cóta Mháire
carr + Séamas => Carr Shéamais
ollscoil + Éire => Ollscoil na hÉireann
• I gcás ainm briathartha, nuair a chuirtear gníomh in iúl. (After the verbal noun, when describing an action, where the verb would end with “ing” in English)
peil => Ag imirt peile
an fhuinneog => Ag glanadh na fuinneoige
an aiste => Ag scríobh na haiste
an t-úrlár => Ag scuabadh an úrláir
an bia => Ag ithe an bhia
an páipéar => Ag léamh an pháipéir
an t-úll => Ag ithe an úill
• Nuair a úsáidtear Réamhfhocal Comhshuite, cuirtear an t-ainmfhocal a leanann é sa T.G. (in the case of compound prepositions)
an oíche => Ar feadh na hoíche
an domhan => Ar fud an domhain
an tseachtain => Go ceann seachtaine
an geimhreadh => I rith an gheimhridh
an samhradh => Le linn an tsamhraidh
an balla => In aghaidh an bhalla.
(ar aghaidh, os coinne, os comhair, ar chúl, taobh thiar, ar feadh, i gcaitheamh, i rith, in imeacht, le linn, ar fud, ar lorg, ar nós, ar son, thar ceann, de cheann, ar tí, de bharr, dá bhrí, de thairbhe, de réir, faoi choinne, le haghaidh, i gcomhair, go ceann, i bhfeighil, i gcionn, i dteannta, i gcoinne, in aghaidh, in éadan, i lár, i láthair, i measc, i ndiaidh, tar éis, in áit, os cionn, os coinne, os comhair, faoi chúram, srl)
• Nuair a thagann dhá ainmfhocal le chéile, cuirtear an dara ceann sa T.G. (when 2 nouns come together, the second goes into the genitive case; often where you would see “of the” or ‘s in English)
(caint + máistir) => Caint an mháistir
(tafann + madra) => Tafann an mhadra
(eochair + taisceadán) => Eochair an taisceadáin
(solas + gealach) => Solas na gealaí
(leath + obair) => tús maith, leath na hoibre
• Tar éis Réamhfhocail Simplí áirithe (chun, cois, dála, timpeall, trasna), leanann an T.G. (these 5 particular simple prepositions)
an Ghealtacht => chun na Gaeltachta
an fharraige => cois na farraige
an scéal => dála an scéil
an chathair => timpeall na cathrach
an tsráid => trasna na sráide
• An Ginideach Rannaíoch ("partitive") (words describing quantities)
Ciallaíonn seo go gcuireann focail nó frásaí cosúil le "a lán/an iomad/an tuafás/barraíocht/beagán/beagainín/cuid/dóthain/go leor/méid/mórán/níos mó/níos lú/oiread/roinnt" an t-ainmfhocal a leanann iad sa TG.
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Post by Admin on May 1, 2017 10:57:13 GMT
There are three types of numbers in Irish though one of them has various forms.
1. Cardinal numbers
2. Number of people
3. Ordinal numbers
Cardinal numbers are numbers like "One", "Two", "Three" etc. They can be used as adjectives or nouns.
If used as a noun, they are always preceded by the article "a" so like:
A haon
A dó
A trí
And so on. The exceptions to this rule are numbers that are divisible by 10 (with the exception of 10 itself) so numbers like 20, 30, 40 where they appear on their own like Fiche (20) or Tríocha (30). When the tens are combined with singular numbers, like let's say 21, they then have the article.
21 - Fiche a haon
The numbers 11-19 (Teens) are formed using the affix déag.
A haon déag (11)
A dó dhéag (12)
A trí déag (13)
A ceathair déag (14)
A cúig déag (15)
A sé déag (16)
A seacht déag (17)
A hocht déag (18)
A naoi déag (19)
Make sure to always have the "déag" lenited (add a 'h') after dó. There is no particular reason why this rule exists except maybe because it's easier to say on your tongue if it's lenited rather than not.
However, the article "A" is not used in selections. For example,
Bád nó dhó - One boat or two
Trí nó ceathair de bháid - Three or four boats
Náid (0) often appears without the article "A".
A use with other nouns may only follow with the aid of the preposition de: e.g.: a trí déag de chapaill = 13 of the horses. Without the preposition, you use the adjectival forms of the Cardinal numbers instead of the noun forms which we have talked about here. I'll go over the adjectival forms and the other types of numbers another time.
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